Purpose: In this study, based on the self-determination theory we examined mediating effects of psychological need on the relationship between caring and exercise adherence. Methods: The proposed model was verified by hierarchical multiple regression analysis of 297 participants in the fitness center, and the statistical significance of the indirect effect was tested through bootstrapping. Results: As a result of examining the indirect effect on the proposed model, there were statistically significant mediating effects, caring → autonomy → tendency, caring → autonomy → strengthening, careering → competence, possibility and caring → relation → strengthening. As a result, caring was shown to enhance the exercise adherence through basic psychological need. Conclusion: Through this study, it was found that the process of psychological change of caring on the exercise adherence is mediated through basic psychological needs. This result implies that strategies for improving basic psychological needs should be centered on developing effective caring instruction for coach.

Purpose: This research was performed to analyze the environmental and mental stress that Korean Professional Women Golfers and to provide information to those players who are looking to join LPGA in the future, by gathering information from individual player on how they overcome these drawback. Methods: This research was carried out in the from 1:1 in-dept interview asking semi-structured question to those professional players in LPGA that has KLPGA experience. Aside from interview, during the certain time span of the professional tour, chosen players were accompanied by a researcher for participatory observation of their stress. Result draw from the interview was carefully analyzed by a group of professionals through inductive method to make sure the result reflected the participants intentions. Results: The cause of stress and the method of overcoming the drawback has been categorized into six general categories and the details are as following. Conclusion: First of all, conflict with parents during the tournament, exposure of personal life by staying with the manager during the tour, racial discrimination conflict with the medias were categorized as social factors. Secondly, communication problems have been found to be the linguistic problem. Third of all, feeling lonely during the period of the tournament outside the mother country, man and women relationship problems were categorized as personal problem. Fourth, mis-communication between the clothing sponsors, distinctive features of different courses that they play, competition between the professional players, problems caused at the airport with luggage that they need to play in the tournament were considered to be the tour environmental factors. Fifth, being jetlagged, long flight between the countries, having to intake foreign food that they are not used to, delay or cancellation of flight were categorized into physical health factors. Last of all, difficult financial management due to different tax systems in different states considered to be the financial factor.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of exercise video games on elderly adults’exercise self-efficacy and self-perceived health status. Methods: Subjects were 60 elderly adults aged 65-75 years (mean = 72.09 years). All subjects were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: (1) exercise video game group (n = 20), (2) aerobic exercise group (n = 20), and (3) control group (n = 20). We examined the differences in exercise self-efficacy and self-perceived health status using two-way repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with a 3 (group: exercise video game group, aerobic exercise group, control group) × 2 (time: pre-test, post-test) design. The main effects of group were tested using a Tukey’s HSD (honest significant difference) approach. And post-hoc testing using the LMATRIX & MMATRIX subcommands in combination with syntax was conducted for interaction effects. All statical analysis was performed by using SPSS 21.0 program. Results: The results showed that the aerobic exercise and exercise video game groups exhibited significantly higher scores on exercise self-efficacy and self-perceived health than did the control group. However, we observed no significant differences between the aerobic exercise and exercise video game groups in either outcome. Conclusion: This suggests that an exercise video game was an effective form of exercise for improving the exercise self-efficacy and self-perceived health status of elderly adults.

Purpose: The purposes of this study were (a) to investigate the relationships between empathy and aggressive behavior, and (b) to examine the mediating effects of anger on the relationships between empathy and aggressive behavior. The conceptual model of this study assumed that empathy would affect anger, and these would, in turn, affect aggressive behavior through the mediation of the anger. Methods: Three hundred fifty five Korean high school and collegiate athletes from 13 sports participated in the study (Mage= 17.26years, SD= 2.05). The participants completed four questionnaires: a demographic questionnaire, Empathy Scale, Anger Scale, and Aggressivness Scale. Results: The results of the final model indicated that empathy was negatively related to anger (-.60). Anger was significantly related to aggressive behavior (.27). Empathy was negatively related to aggressive behavior (-.18). Significant indirect effects were observed. The bootstrapping results indicated that the relationship between empathy and aggressive behavior was mediated by anger. Conclusion: This study proved the role of empathy. Thus, this study contribute to the sports field, we suggested a new way to improve and maintain the relationship between the coach and the player and other members. In addition, it will be able to provide a framework that can be used as program materials for the character education of athletes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a team communication program for college level basketball teams, and to identify the effects of this program on sport weness and team achievement. Methods: Eleven currently registered male basketball players in a university participated for the study. Using open questionnaire, observation, and in-depth interview techniques, an initial form of team communication building program was prepared. Experts in the area of sport psychology performed inductive and triangulation analyses to finalize the program. Upon its completion, the effectiveness of the grogram was tested by measuring the changes in sports weness and team achievement before and after its application. Results: First, 8 factors (sympathy formation, respect, communication between players, human expression, closeness, consideration, unity, and trust formation) were identified to be included the team communication program. Then, these factors were included in 3 stages (fundamental, primary, application) of total 12 sessions. Secondly, Results from the repeated Measures ANOVA showed the increased levels of sports weness and team achievement after the application of the developed program confirming the effectiveness of the program. Conclusion: Given the effects of this program on the gaol achievement and improved performance, results from this study will further emphasize the importance of team communication program and vitalize it among athletes.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to develop a scale that can be used to measure mannerism of sport for all leaders objectively and validate it Methods: To test if the questionnaires produced through the process of development of preliminary scale would structurally be valid, domestic sports for all leaders were set as a population, and 900 leaders who had taught in sport for all related classes for over two years in Seoul, Gyeonggi and some Chungnam areas, 450 persons each in the first survey and the second survey. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistic analysis, principal component analysis, reliability analysis through primary sample and confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, simple regression analysis through secondary sample. Results: Base on the factor analysis, measure mannerism of sport for all leaders scale was developed with 21 questions of 3 factors(class mannerism, self mannerism, member mannerism). It was found that the scale for mannerism of sport for all leaders in 21 questions of 3 factors would be quite appropriate model. Also convergent validity, predictive validity satisfied the threshold.

Purpose: This study presented the concepts of positive youth development and life skills, the life skills development model, and expanded into the life skills model for Taekwondo education. Methods: Based on the critical review of the literature regarding life skills and positive youth development theory, and meetings with experts, the life skills model for Taekwondo education was offered to apply to Taekwondo fields. Results: The model of life skills for Taekwondo education was composed of four stages; program design, education, acquisition, and transfer stage, respectively. First, the program design stage consists of structured and systematic Taekwondo education programs. Second, the education stage provides continuous and intentional feedbacks to support the students’ basic needs. Third, in the acquisition stage, students internalize life skills through satisfying basic needs as the result of basic needs support. Finally, in the transition stage, students are expected to generalize life skills learned through Taekwondo into a daily life. Conclusion: The life skills model for Taekwondo education reflected indicated the procedures and key contents of Taekwondo character education and presented ideas for practical application on site.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the situation facing adversities and coping strategies during competition among curling players. Methods: Research participants were 51 curling players at national, professional, and college level and they completed open-ended questionnaires. Collected data were analyzed by inductive content analysis and triangulation. Results: Firstly, adverse situation during competition were performance degradation, decrease in physical strength, decrease in psychological condition, shot performance degradation, and decrease in communication. Secondly, coping strategies which curling players used in these situations were increasing team cohesion, increasing self-confidence, increasing concentration, anxiety regulation, and adapting to environment. Conclusion: The results of this study will provide valuable information for curling performance enhancement to athletes, coaches, and sport psychologists in the field and will also contribute to develop psychological skills training program for curling.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the appropriateness of the single-session mental coaching program and the possibility of its introduction Methods: This study involved a total of 34 participants including; 23 players, 5 coaching staffs, and 6 support staff participating in the 2017 Asian Cup qualification held in Pyongyang. The data were collected using open-ended questionnaire and mobile messenger. Data were analyzed through inductive categorization, program review with head coach and researcher. This research was conducted in the order of program development background, composition and execution of single mentor coaching program, and evaluation of single mentor coaching program. Results: The mental coaching program of the North Korean Expeditionary Preparatory Seminar was composed of lectures and psychological balancing activities for deducing shared value. In the lecture, the team's value was derived by reflecting the operation flow of the national team, the context of North Korean expedition, and the demands of the bishop. In the balance-keeping activities, the adequacy of the thoughts of the players was assessed based on the effects they had on the players' match preparation, and whether the factors regarding the thoughts were controllable. This revealed that "the situation", "the stadium environment" and "personal curiosity" were unnecessary attention, while "match preparation" and "Development of Ladies football" were necessary ones. Follow-up confirmed long-term changes, suggesting single-session mental coaching's influence not only on the North korean expedition but also on the Asian cup qualifier's rounds held in 2018. Conclusion: The average 12-week program of single-session mental coaching may be adequately adjusted to fill various needs, the effects of the coaching program considered. Interest towards the variation of coaching terms is looked forward to.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to concretely verify a hypothesis that the personality would have effects on the creativity through emotional intelligence, in order to suggest the future direction for the improvement of middle school basketball players. Methods: Targeting 142 middle school basketball players of five regions in the whole nation registered in Korea Basketball Association, with the use of SPSS 24.0 version, the mediating effects were verified through correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis based on the 3-step mediating effect process by Baron and Kenny(1986). Results: In the results of correlation analysis, the motivational attitude of creativity had positive correlations with all the factors except for the emotional instability of personality. In the results of regression analysis, the motivational attitude of creativity had positive effects on the extroverted openness of personality while the ability attitude had positive effects on the extroverted openness and sincerity. The emotional intelligence had positive effects on the extroverted openness of personality, and the control/utilization of self and others showed the positive effects on the sincerity and the negative effects on the emotional instability. The results of the mediating effects verification, Emotional intelligence had the control/utilization of self and others and empathy/self-Control utilization have been found to be extroverted openness of personality and fully mediating effects. Conclusion: The results of this study were significant because the personality type of individuals could predict the possibility to improve the creativity through emotional intelligence of middle school basketball players.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the development and characteristics of super psychological skills in elite athletes who play their own play without psychological fluctuation in the game situation. Methods: In order to understand the development and characteristics of super psychological skills in elite athletes, grounded theory was used. Six elite athletes were selected through reputational-case selection. Data were collected, utilizing in-depth discussion and audiovisual materials. Results: The process of forming super psychological skills in elite athletes was composed of 80 concepts, 33 subcategories, and 14 categories. ‘starting to exercise’ was derived from a category that corresponds to casual condition of development of elite athletes’ super psychological skills. ‘Flow’, ‘confirming the talent’ and ‘experiencing frustration’ were derived from the contextual condition. ‘Strong confidence’, ‘growth needs’ and ‘self-examination’ were derived from central phenomenon, and ‘positive support’, ‘experiencing slump’ and ‘importance of psychological skills’ were derived from arbitrational condition. ‘BIG 7 psychological method’, ‘crisis coping’ and ‘deliberate practice’ were derived from action/interaction strategy; ‘SUPER 5 psychological skills’ was ultimately derived. The psychological skills that appeared in the process of forming super psychological skills of elite athletes showed ‘infinite confidence’, ‘total concentration’, ‘optimistic attitude’, ‘not focusing on results’ and ‘enjoyment of the process’. In addition, the psychological method were shown as ‘imagery’, ‘process cue’, ‘simulation training’, ‘positive self-talk’, ‘positive attribution’, ‘coping with anxiety’, and ‘condition management’. This was named ‘SUPER 5 psychological skills’ and ‘BIG 7 psychological method. Conclusion:: For athletes who cannot perform their best because of psychological problems, super psychological skills in elite athletes provide important information. More research on psychological skills to improve athletes’ performance is needed.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of practice with visual occlusion on golf putting learning by analyzing how the visual occlusion exercise can improve the golfer’s sense of distance and the putting parameters. Methods: Thirty male college students with no prior golf experience participated in the study and were randomly assigned to either vision, no-vision, or control group. In the pre-test, the subjects performed putting 10 times at each distance of 1, 3, and 5 meters. During the practice intervention, subjects in each group performed 30 putting exercises at the same distance as in the pre-test with group intervention for five days, a total of 450 putting exercises. Results: According to the analysis of the radial error, the no-vision and vision groups showed improved accuracy in the post-test and delayed post-test compared to the pre-test. As for the variable error, the no-vision group showed the same result as that for the radial error, but the vision group showed improvement in consistency only in the post-test compared to the pre-test, which dropped again in the delayed post-test. The distance and putting parameters of the no-vision group changed effectively after the practice intervention. Conclusion: These results suggest that practice with visual occlusion may be an effective intervention method for promoting learning in golf putting.

Purpose: In this study, we examined the effect of interaction between competitive situation and performance level on observational learning and self-efficacy based on social cognitive theory. Methods: After random assignment of 211 athletes to the three groups of high state anxiety, low state anxiety and general situation, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to verify the effect of observational learning on self-efficacy according to performance level. Results: It was found that the observational learning enhances the self-efficacy in high pressure situations with high performance players rather then low performance players. Observational learning increased self-efficacy regardless of performance level in low pressure condition, and this influence was higher for players with low performance than players with high performance. Conclusion: The cognitive process of human behavior presented in social cognitive theory was proved in the sports domain, and the extent to which observational learning predicted self-efficacy varied according to the competition situation. Therefore, it is important both theoretically and empirically to consider the various competitive situations existing in sports when measuring self-efficacy.